¿Es posible lograr la ubicación aproximada de las etiquetas usando LoRaWAN o Bluetooth, sin depender del GPS?

With Bluetooth: Yes.

With LoRaWAN: Yes. It supports presence detection, with an accuracy of a few hundred meters. Alternatively, you can deploy four Pasarelas LoRaWAN spaced about 1 km apart (as an example). In this setup, the accuracy can range from tens of meters to a couple of hundred meters.

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